Review of Related Literature and Studies (Autism)

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies for both foreign and local underlying the framework of the study. Synthesis was also created based from the gathered information and facts in literature and studies. FOREIGN LITERATURES According to the study of the orbitofrontal–amygdala circuit and self-regulation of social–emotional behavior in autism that. Autism is centrally characterized by developmental disruption in social–emotional behavior and communication. Numerous studies have documented that, across the spectrum of disability, individuals with autism have poor social and affective relatedness, difficulty developing and maintaining social relationships with†¦show more content†¦There are generally three main characteristics used to determine an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and are usually present by age three. These characteristics are deficits in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors and interests (Autism Society of America, n.d.; National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 2005; U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2005). Additionally, in the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), there is an educ ational definition for autism. Autism is defined as, à ¬s developmental disability 5 that significantly affects verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction. It is generally evident before age 3 and adversely affects a child is educational performance (Ohio Center for Autism and Low Incidence [OCALI], 2007). There are other characteristics frequently associated with autism. These include participation in repetitive activities and behaviors, inability to change especially the change in daily routines, and typical responses to sensory experiences. Furthermore, autism does not apply to the child is diagnosis if educational performance is negatively affected due to the child having an emotional disturbance (Ohio Center for Autism and Low Incidence). Of the 1.5 million Americans living with some form of autism, 100,000 are school-aged children who have been diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and are served under the Individuals with DisabilitiesShow MoreRelate dThe Effects Of Autism On Children With Autism857 Words   |  4 PagesOutcome-focused research shows that only 25% of people with Autism are employed. This statistic is especially concerning, when the generally high academic and creative ability of many adults with Autism is considered. This review evaluates three categories of parental factors, demographic, psychological, and behavioral, to determine what effect, if any, they may have on the work participation outcomes for adults diagnosed with Autism. Using studies of various methodologies and populations, only one (parentRead MoreVaccines And Autism : A Tale Of Shifting Hypotheses905 Words   |  4 Pagesreviewing the literature, this was shown in the article, â€Å"Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses†, by Gerber Offit (2009), where they discuss how vaccines have changed overtime. The authors state that today a single vaccine use uses less than 200 bacterial and viral proteins or polysaccharides compared to over 3000 immunological components used in 1980. In addition, the amount of protein chemistry and recombinant DNA has also increased. This helps cut back on vaccine-related reactions,Read MoreChildren With High Functioning Asd ( Hfasd )1315 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 2: Review of the Literature Children with high-functioning ASD (HFASD) demonstrate difficulty initiating and maintaining conversations, deciphering how others feel from nonverbal cues, interpreting the intentions of others, asking/responding to questions, and interacting in games or other activities (Bray et al., 2010). Children with HFASD may appear insensitive, and self-centered, or socially disinterested (Waugh Peskin, 2015); and typically demonstrate average cognitive abilities, yetRead MoreCorrelation Between Employment And Postsecondary Education936 Words   |  4 Pagesemployment and postsecondary education, as it pertains to youth who have Autism and receive vocational rehabilitation services. The researchers of this article used logistic regressions and multiple regressions to test predictor variables and transition outcomes. Also used was the RSA911 data-base for fiscal year 2008. (Migliore, Timmons, Butterworth, Lugas, 2012) The general findings indicated that those individuals with Autism, who received job placement services through the vocational rehabilitationRead MoreGaze Patterns1112 Words   |  5 PagesThe reason behind this study is to further understand the role gaze patterns play in autism, it was only 3 years ago that I discovered my son is autistic. Ever since that day I have dedicated my life to understanding the role that social cognition may play in determining autism. Visual checking of countenances in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been seriously considered utilizing eye-following innovation (gaze patterns). Nevertheless, the clear majority of studies have depended on theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )798 Words   |  4 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a disorder characterised by a triad of impairments in social interaction, communication and repetitive behaviour and restricted interest. This spectrum is observed to affect three times more males than females (Hill, 2004). ASD is a syndrome that Leo Kanner first explained while observing the behaviour of children he was researching. He describes that they had particular traits such as the inability to establish social relatedness with other people, failure to useRead MoreEcologically Inflexibility And Executive Dysfunction758 Words   |  4 Pagesdeficits, relationships between executive impairments and restricted, repetitive, behaviors have also been established. In one study looking at the relationship between restrictive, repetitive symptoms and executive function abilities, researchers found that numerous executive processes, such as cognitive flexibility, working memory, and response inhibition, were highly related to RRB (Lopez et al., 2005). Brady et al. (2017) found fluency impairments were correlated with higher severity levels of repetitiveRead MoreEssay On Sleep Disorders In Children With Autism1278 Words   |  6 PagesChildren with Autism Several studies have been conducted that take a look at treatments for children with autism suffering from sleep disorders. Sleep disorders may even be more common in children with autism spectrum disorders. Theres been countless of different types of treatments, but one treatment in particular is Melatonin. Melatonin helps control your sleep and wake cycles. Studies have shown that melatonin is promised in treating sleep and insomnia in children with autism. This literature reviewRead MoreBenefits Of Music Therapy On Children Essay1651 Words   |  7 PagesMusic Therapy in Autistic children Benefits of Music Therapy in Autistic children Literature Review Zuleima Haskins â€Æ' Introduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a group of conditions of the brain development. (Vries, 2015). The main characteristic of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is that they have difficulties to adapt and interact with other people. Also, individuals with Autism have problems with their development of verbal and nonverbal communication. They showRead MoreAutism in Toddlers and Infants1668 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Autism in Toddlers and Infants Introduction What is Autism? Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD / autism) are a group of disorders referred to as developmental disabilities and the result for children afflicted with ASD is significant social, communication and behavioral changes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC). In short, children with ASD simply deal with their brains information in ways apart from others around them. The CDC information explains that autism can afflict a child

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) - 928 Words

The most common mental disorder children are diagnosed with is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. 11% of children in the United States have been diagnosed with ADHD as of 2011. The number of children being diagnosed each year in the past decade has increased 5% per year as of 2003(â€Å"Centers for Disease and Control†, 2015). ADHD is a mental disorder in children that makes it harder for them to pay attention. The children diagnosed with ADHD are usually hyperactive and show signs of impulsive behavior. Children with ADHD have a hard time with following directions, talk nonstop, run around a lot, are very impatient, and play with everything they see (â€Å"National Institute of Mental Health†, 2013). There is not an exact medical test that can determine if a child has ADHD or not. A doctor examines a child for symptoms of ADHD. A child can be diagnosed with predominantly inattentive presentation or predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation, or they can be diagnosed with both. Children have to show at least six or more symptoms in each criteria to be diagnosed with ADHD (â€Å"Center of Disease and Control†, 2015). These symptoms must be at least be present for 6 months in a child and affect their ability to perform in multiple settings like at school and home. The main problem is being able to successfully diagnose the mental disorder in children. There are many factors involved that go with diagnosing a child s with ADHD, which can lead to under-diagnosing, misdiagnosing,Show MoreRelatedAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1710 Words   |  7 Pages Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or ADHD which is often referred to as childhood hyperactivity, it s a severe and chronic disorder for children. It is one of the most prevalent childhood disorders, and affects 3% to 5% of the school-age population. Boys outnumber girls three or more to one. Children with ADHD can experience many behavioral difficulties that often manifest in the form of inattention, being easily distracted, being impulsive, and hyperactivity. As a result, children withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1744 Words   |  7 PagesI chose to research Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, otherwise known as ADHD, in culture and child development for the following reasons. First, it is important as educators that we understand the difference between restlessness and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in children. Secondly, we must be conscious of the origins of ADHD, how to recognize it, the myths and prejudices against it, and kn ow the most appropriate intervention strategies. Educators must also realize that evenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1495 Words   |  6 Pagesoccasionally forget to do their homework, get fidgety when they lose interest in an activity, or speak out of turn during class time. But inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are all signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neuro-development disorder and can start as early as three years old throughout adulthood. People with ADHD have trouble focusing on tasks and activities, this can have a negative impact on the individual in different ways. It can make the child feelRead MoreAttention Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1699 Words   |  7 Pageshas had some difficulty sitting still, paying attention and even controlling impulsive behavior once or twice in our life. For some people, however, the problems that occur slim to none in our life occurs in the lives of theirs every day and interfere with every aspect of their life inclusive of home, academic, social and work. . The interaction of core ADHD symptoms with co-morbid problems and neuropsychological deï ¬ cits suggests that individuals with ADHD are likely to experience problems in academicRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)1259 Words   |  5 PagesAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly found disorder in children in the United States. Statistics show that the male to female ratio for children with ADHD is eight to one. 4.4 million Children between the ages four to seventeen have diagnosed with ADHD (Cheng Tina L et al.). African American children are at a higher risk for having ADHD. Caucasian children are least likely to have ADHD. 2.5 million children receive medication for ADHD, but African American childrenRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1002 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract There are many disorders that are first diagnosed whether it is during infancy, childhood or adolescence. The disorders range from intellectual disabilities, learning disabilities, communication disorders, all the way through to elimination disorders. Attention-deficit and disruptive disorders are the most common. All including AD/HD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and unspecified disruptive disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most commonRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1058 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (or ADHD/ADD.) While much is known about these disorders and how they affect the education of children, there are only a few known methods that consistently help an affected child focus and target in on what they need to learn. Medication for children With Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder must be used as an aid to help the affected child to focus and comprehend information being presented to them. Children with Attention DeficitRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )978 Words   |  4 Pagesin diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children since the 21st century. Per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention the increase has been seen as a difference from, â€Å"7.8% in 2003 to 9.5% in 2007 and to 11.0% in 2011† (p. 4). Many questions arise concerning why the numbers are on the rise, especially when boys are 7.6 percent more likely than girls to receive the diagnosis of ADHD. When should the line be drawn between a disorder, and hyperactivity that comes withRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd )1552 Words   |  7 PagesATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER Seth was a second grader at West Elementary. He constantly got reprimanded by his teachers for not paying attention in class. He could not understand the information given to him during the school day. He thought he was stupid and useless. But he was not. His parents got him tested by a doctor for ADHD. He is one of many kids in the United States who have been recognized as having it. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a major issue in the educationRead MoreAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( Adhd ) Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is ADHD? Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects almost 10% of American children between 13 and 18 years old, as well as 4% of U.S. adults over 18. Only a licensed mental health professional can provide an ADHD diagnosis, after a thorough evaluation. ADHD has three primary characteristics: Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Inattentive: Are effortlessly distracted, fail to catch details, are forgetful, and regularly switch activities. Find it difficult to focus

Do footballers get paid too much free essay sample

I would like to begin with saying that I in personal opinion believe that the majority of footballers get paid too much. The average premier league footballer wages have reached ? 22,353 a week this is before the ludicrous bonuses this adds up to ? 1. 16million a year!! However it all depends on what you mean by footballer. A footballer could be anyone that plays football, so this means that not all footballers even get paid (as a footballer). So ‘Do Footballers Get Paid Too Much’ is a very open to interpretation, and doesn’t have a simple yes no answer. Also being a footballer is a very unpredictable job and if you suddenly get an injury your whole career would be over and you would have nothing to fall back on than the money that you have already earn. They also have travel around the world so often back to back to play matches here and there which are as you could imagine exhausting work. We will write a custom essay sample on Do footballers get paid too much? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Most footballers stop playing quiet young, usually around the age 30. So if you start playing premier league at age 25 then you could only be playing for 5 years. And because football is quite demanding most footballers might not have many other qualifications so that they could get a reasonably paid job after they stop playing football. However I’m not going to deny that prem league footballer do get paid too much money. This money could be used to better the country in other ways. The money could be used to improve the NHS or other areas that need drastic attention. If you compare the pay wage of a surgeons who can earn a basic salary of between ? 29,000 and ? 44,000 a year, to a prem league footballer who could earn up to ? 1. 16 million a year you can see how messed up the system is! Comparing the two jobs together you can see how much harder a surgeons job is. We put our life in the hands of a surgeon yet a prem footballer gets paid nearly ? 1 million more! I would like to conclude by saying that everyone’s entitled to their own opinion but I believe that footballers get paid way too much for the little that they do. And that we should stop paying them so much and start to pay our other professions more like surgeons, nurses, doctors, soldiers etc. a lot more money.

Burqa Should Be Banned free essay sample

On the other hand, people for the wearing of the burqa say that a ban is a restriction on the rights of religious freedom. I feel that the wearing of the burqa in Australia which is an open and free society would produce unwanted and needless suspicious feelings causing strong divisions within our society. The wearing of the burqa subjugates Muslim women and is a way in which Muslim men can enforce their will and demeans women. The Koran makes no mention of the wearing of the burqa or any similar form of apparel except that they should wear modest clothing. Malalai Joya, an Afghan Member of Parliament and a devout Muslim admitted that â€Å"It’s not only oppresive, but it’s more difficult than you might think. You have no peripheral vision. And it’s hot and suffocating under there. † What women in her right mind would wish to be completely covered in such a way that it almost isolate her from the outside world? Wouldn’t it be strange for anyone to be talking to a person who they cannot see or recognise? It is a fact that men in overseas countries have dressed in this type of grab on many occasions to disguises themselves and hide weapons in order to perform illegal acts such as robberies and terrorism. We will write a custom essay sample on Burqa Should Be Banned or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One case was in Manchester, England where a man disguised in a burqa robbed a large jewellery store. You can understand that people working in a place where security is required such as a bank, there must be considerable unease when a women dressed in a burqa enters their establishment. Don’t you think the burqa needs to be banned in Australia before similar events occur here. Recently, in Perth, Western Australia a woman arrived in court to give evidence dressese in a burqa the judge ruled that she could not give her evidence while her face was covered up as recognition of a person is required in court. This demonstrates that it is impractical to wear this type of garment in many situations. Many people will argue that it is unfair to ban the burqa because it is a restriction of religious freedom and the right of personal expression. The ban may cause the incarceration of Muslim women within their own homes as a preference to going into to full public view. However, we all must be prepared to lose a degree of personal freedom. Just imagine what it would be like if we could drive our cars as fast as we wish or the having ability to carry any form of weapon in the excuse of self protection. Taking everything into account such as the demeaning of women, the security issues, the difficulty caused to the wearer and the need for personal recognition in many situations there is no other solution to this situation other than a total ban of the burqa.